Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and recurrent VVC remain common yet complex conditions shaped by interactions among Candida virulence, host immunity, hormonal factors, epithelial health, and the vaginal microbiome. Because symptoms are nonspecific and asymptomatic colonization is common, laboratory detection—particularly highly sensitive molecular testing—must be interpreted alongside clinical findings. This article reviews current evidence on disease mechanisms, recurrence, microbiome composition, diagnostic challenges, antifungal management, and emerging therapeutic strategies.