Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen, and is the causative agent of Q fever. C. burnetii is a small Gram-negative, coccobacillary bacterium that is highly resistant to environmental stresses such as high temperature, osmotic pressure, and ultraviolet light. These characteristics are attributed to a small cell variant form of the organism that is part of a biphasic developmental cycle, including a more metabolically and replicatively active large cell variant form.

Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto is a bacterial species of the spirochete class in the genus Borrelia, and is one of the causative agents of Lyme disease in humans. Along with a few similar genospecies, some of which also cause Lyme disease, it makes up the species complex of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. The complex currently comprises 20 accepted and 3 proposed genospecies. B. burgdorferi sensu stricto exists in North America and Eurasia and until 2016 was the only known cause of Lyme d

Bartonella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. It is the only genus in the family Bartonellaceae. Facultative intracellular parasites, Bartonella species can infect healthy people but are considered especially important as opportunistic pathogens. Bartonella species are transmitted by vectors such as ticks, fleas, sand flies, and mosquitoes. At least eight Bartonella species or subspecies are known to infect humans. The BioPerfectus Bartonella Real Time PCR Kit is an in vitro diagnostic t

Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate gram-negative, intracellular bacterium that causes an acute febrile illness known as anaplasmosis or human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA). The organism is genetically related to rickettsia and is transmitted by Ixodes scapularis in the northeast United States and by Ixodes pacificus in California. The vector also transmits other organisms responsible for diseases such as Lyme, babesiosis, ehrlichioses and Powassan encephalitis. Anaplasmosis was formerl

Ross River virus is an infection spread by mosquitoes. Symptoms include joint pain, fever and rash. Most people feel better within a few weeks, but sometimes it can take a few months. There is no cure for the Ross River virus, but pain relief medicines can help control your symptoms. The best way to prevent the Ross River virus is to avoid mosquito bites. The Bioperfectus Ross River Virus Real Time PCR Kit is an in vitro diagnostic test, based on real-time PCR technology. It is used for the

Malaria is an acute febrile illness caused by Plasmodium parasites, which are spread to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. 5 parasite species cause malaria in humans, and 2 of these species P. falciparum and P. vivax pose the greatest threat. P. falciparum is the deadliest malaria parasite and the most prevalent on the African continent. P. vivax is the dominant malaria parasite in most countries outside of sub-Saharan Africa. The first symptoms fever, head

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease found in parts of the tropics, subtropics, and southern Europe. It is classified as a neglected tropical disease (NTD). Leishmaniasis is caused by infection with Leishmania parasites, which are spread by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies. There are several different forms of leishmaniasis in people. The most common forms are cutaneous leishmaniasis, which causes skin sores, and visceral leishmaniasis, which affects several internal organs (usually the spl

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a flavivirus related to dengue, yellow fever and West Nile viruses, and is spread by mosquitoes. JEV is the main cause of viral encephalitis in many countries of Asia with an estimated 68 000 clinical cases every year. Although symptomatic Japanese encephalitis (JE) is rare, the case-fatality rate among those with encephalitis can be as high as 30%. Permanent neurologic or psychiatric sequelae can occur in 30%50% of those with encephalitis. 24 countries in

Toscana virus is an arthropod-borne virus transmitted by sand flies in Mediterranean countries. Toscana virus infection commonly occurs during the warm season although there are important variations in risk exposure as assessed by seroprevalence rates ranging from 1% to 45% in human populations. In southwestern Europe, Toscana virus infection accounts for the most frequent cause of aseptic meningitis, together with enteroviruses and herpesviruses. Mortality is exceptional, but the neuro-inv

Sindbis virus (SINV) is an enveloped RNA virus of the genus Alphavirus in the virus family Togaviridae. Sindbis virus is related to Chikungunya alphavirus. Sindbis virus was first isolated from Culex mosquitoes in 1952 in the Nile river delta in Egypt. The first human cases were described in Uganda in 1961, South Africa in 1963, and Australia in 1967. The virus was subsequently acknowledged as the causative agent of a rash-arthritis syndrome. The clinical disease caused by SINV infection is kn