Coxsackieviruses belong to the Picornaviridae family, genus Enterovirus, and a group of human enteroviruses. They are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses protected by an icosahedral capsid exclusively constituted of proteins. Divided into two subgroups A and B: coxsackievirus A with 23 serotypes 1-24 (23 is missing) and coxsackievirus B with six serotypes 1-6. Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is an acute infectious disease caused by an enterovirus, mostly occurs in preschool child

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is an acute infectious disease caused by enteroviruses. It is most common in preschoolers, especially those under three years old. It is mainly transmitted through close contact with the infected and subclinically infected individuals and gets into the body through the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract. The most common symptoms of the disease include macules, papules and herpes on hands, feet, and mouth. A small number of patients may suffer from m

Vibrio cholerae is a comma-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium. It is the cause of cholera in humans, which affects the upper small intestine. Transmission of the disease is mainly through contaminated food or water. Human subjects affected by cholera exhibit severe watery diarrhea and vomiting, caused by the cholera toxin produced by the bacterium. Many cases of cholera are life-threatening, as diarrhea and associated vomiting can lead to rapid dehydration and electrolyte loss. Occasional outbrea

Clostridioides difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacillus. It is the most common infectious cause of nosocomial diarrhea. Clostridioides difficile often causes prolonged hospitalization of patients infected with the bacterium and it is the common culprit of epidemic outbreak in large hospitals. Patients infected with Clostridioides difficile may be asymptomatic or suffer mild diarrhea and even serious pseudomembranous colitis. The BioPerfectus Clostridioides difficile Real Time P

Vibrio cholerae is a comma-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium. It is the cause of cholera in humans, which affects the upper small intestine. Transmission of the disease is mainly through contaminated food or water. Human subjects affected by cholera exhibit severe watery diarrhea and vomiting, caused by the cholera toxin produced by the bacterium. Many cases of cholera are life-threatening, as diarrhea and associated vomiting can lead to rapid dehydration and electrolyte loss. Occasional outbrea

E. coli is a gram-negative microorganism that can be an innocuous resident of the gastrointestinal tract, but it also has the pathogenic capacity to cause enteric disease, and extraintestinal diseases, such as urinary tract infections (UTIs) and sepsis/meningitis. Pathogenic variants of E. coli (pathovars or pathotypes) cause much morbidity and mortality worldwide due to they have low infectious doses and are transmitted through ubiquitous mediums, including food and water. The BioPerfectus

Rotavirus has a characteristic wheel-like appearance. The name rotavirus is derived from the Latin word rota, meaning wheel. Rotaviruses are non-enveloped, possess a triple-layered capsid, and have a segmented RNA genome. The virus is stable in the environment. Rotavirus spreads easily among infants and young children. The virus can cause severe watery diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal pain. Children who get rotavirus disease can become dehydrated and may need to be hospitalized. The

Sapovirus is a distinct genus within the family Caliciviridae; these viruses cause sporadic cases and outbreaks of gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Sapovirus has a typical "Star of David" configuration by electron microscopic examination. The prototype sapovirus is the Sapporo virus (Hu/SaV/Sapporo virus/1977/JP). Sapovirus is divided into 5 genogroups, among which only genogroups I, II, IV, and V are known to infect humans. The BioPerfectus Sapovirus Real Time PCR Kit is an in vitro di

Astroviruses are a type of virus that causes diarrheal illness (gastroenteritis). Infants and young children are most likely to have diarrhea caused by astroviruses, but the infection also occurs in older people and those with a compromised immune system. While mild diarrhea is the main symptom astroviruses cause, a person who gets sick may also have other common symptoms of gastroenteritis, including: Nausea, Vomiting, Stomach ache, Loss of appetite, Body aches, Fever. The BioPerfectus As

Human adenoviruses (EAds) are classified into 47 serotypes and six subgenera (A-F) with different tropisms. In recent years adenovirus type 40 (Ad40) and 41 (Ad41) of subgenus F have been shown to be causative agents in enteric infections, which is second in importance only to rotaviruses as a cause of infantile gastroenteritis. Infection with EAds occurs worldwide and has been associated with 4-17% of cases of diarrhoea in children. Ad40 and Ad41 primarily affect young children less than 2 ye